Palladium in water and waste water
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palladium
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Behaviour of palladium(II), platinum(IV), and rhodium(III) in artificial and natural waters: Influence of reactor surface and geochemistry on metal recovery
- The recovery of dissolved platinum group elements (PGE: Pd(II), Pt(IV) and Rh(III)) added to Milli-Q® water, artificial freshwater and seawater and filtered natural waters has been studied, as a function of pH and PGE concentration, in containers of varying synthetic composition. The least adsorptive and/or precipitative loss was obtained for borosilicate glass under most of the conditions employed, whereas the greatest loss was obtained for low-density polyethylene. Of the polymeric materials tested, the adsorptive and/or precipitative loss of PGE was lowest for fluorinated ethylene propylene. The loss of Pd(II) in freshwater was significant due to its affinity for surface adsorption and its relatively low solubility. The presence of natural dissolved organic matter increases the recovery of Pd(II) but enhances the loss of Pt(IV). The loss of Rh(III) in seawater was significant and was mainly due to precipitation, whereas Pd(II) recovery was enhanced, compared to freshwater, because of its complexation with chloride. The results have important implications regarding protocols employed for sample preservation and controlled laboratory experiments used in the study of the speciation and biogeochemical behaviour of PGE.
- Document Type:
- Reference
- Product Catalog Number:
- Multiple
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- Multiple
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Differential cytotoxic activity of a novel palladium-based compound on prostate cell lines, primary prostate epithelial cells and prostate stem cells.
- The outcome for patients with advanced metastatic and recurrent prostate cancer is still poor. Therefore, new chemotherapeutics are required, especially for killing cancer stem cells that are thought to be responsible for disease recurrence. In this study, we screened the effect of a novel palladium-based anticancer agent (Pd complex) against six different prostate cancer cell lines, and primary cultures from seven Gleason 6/7 prostate cancer, three Gleason 8/9 prostate cancer and four benign prostate hyperplasia patient samples, as well as cancer stem cells selected from primary cultures. MTT and ATP viability assays were used to assess cell growth and flow cytometry to assess cell cycle status. In addition, immunofluorescence was used to detect γH2AX nuclear foci, indicative of DNA damage, and Western blotting to assess the induction of apoptosis and autophagy. The Pd complex showed a powerful growth-inhibitory effect against both cell lines and primary cultures. More importantly, it successfully reduced the viability of cancer stem cells as first reported in this study. The Pd complex induced DNA damage and differentially induced evidence of cell death, as well as autophagy. In conclusion, this novel agent may be promising for use against the bulk of the tumour cell population as well as the prostate cancer stem cells, which are thought to be responsible for the resistance of metastatic prostate cancer to chemotherapy. This study also indicates that the combined use of the Pd complex with an autophagy modulator may be a more promising approach to treat prostate cancer. In addition, the differential effects observed between cell lines and primary cells emphasise the importance of the model used to test novel drugs including its genetic background, and indeed the necessity of using cells cultured from patient samples.
- Document Type:
- Reference
- Product Catalog Number:
- 05-636
- Product Catalog Name:
- Anti-phospho-Histone H2A.X (Ser139) Antibody, clone JBW301
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Development and characterization of rifampicin-resistant mutants from high virulent strains of Flavobacterium columnare.
- Flavobacterium columnare is divided into three genetic groups or genomovars, genomovar II being highly virulent for channel catfish. A modified live vaccine is currently available to prevent columnaris disease under the licensed name Aquavac-Col(®) . The strain of F. columnare used to generate the avirulent rifampicin-resistant mutant used in Aquavac-Col(®) belonged to genomovar I, the less virulent group towards channel catfish. In this study, we describe the generation and characterization of rifampicin-resistant mutants from genomovar II strains. A total of 13 new mutants were obtained, and eight of them (two from each parent strain) were genetically and phenotypically characterized. Highly conserved regions within the ribosomal operons were identical between parent and mutant strains. Genetic differences between mutants and their parent strains were revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Genetic changes were distinctive among different mutants. Analysis of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed that while some mutants lacked a few molecular bands of the LPS, some exhibited the same LPS profiles as their parent strains. Comparison between immunogenic proteins from mutants and parents was carried out by immunoblot analysis and further confirmed the uniqueness of individual mutants. A complete set of rifampicin-resistant mutants with different genetic and immunogenic properties from the highly virulent genomovar II has been created. These mutants may have the potential of becoming vaccine candidates against columnaris disease.
- Document Type:
- Reference
- Product Catalog Number:
- 05-182
- Product Catalog Name:
- Anti-FAK Antibody, clone 2A7