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  • Toluene impairs learning and memory, has antinociceptive effects, and modifies histone acetylation in the dentate gyrus of adolescent and adult rats. 22497993

    Toluene misuse usually initiates at an early age when the central nervous system is still immature, causing deleterious effects such as cognitive impairment. Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms have been proposed to explain long-term changes involved not only in memory, but also in toluene's actions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of acute and chronic toluene exposure on learning, memory and histone acetylation in the rat hippocampus during two stages of life: adolescence and young adulthood. Because the memory tests used in this work involved object exploration and the perception of a noxious stimulus, general activity and nociception tests were also conducted. Acute and chronic toluene inhalation impaired learning, short-term and long-term memory in an object-recognition test and in an inhibitory avoidance task in both groups of age. This effect was concentration-dependent and occurred even at low toluene concentrations (1000, 2000 ppm) that were otherwise non-effective. Acute toluene inhalation produced antinociception, and tolerance to this effect developed after chronic exposure. Histone acetylation in the dentate gyrus showed differences depending on the histone, treatment and age: a single toluene exposure increased H4 acetylation in adolescents and young adult rats, whereas chronic exposure decreased H3 acetylation, but only in adults. In conclusion, this work provides evidence of toluene-induced impairment on learning, short- and long-term memory in adolescent and young adult rats, and shows that even a single toluene exposure can induce epigenetic modifications in the rat hippocampus.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    06-599
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-acetyl-Histone H3 Antibody

  • Toluene Exposure Leads to a Change in Expression Patterns of β Defensins in the Mouse Tracheal Epithelium. 23723566

    Defensins are generally implicated in the quick resistance of epithelial surfaces to microbials; however, recent reports have indicated that defensins also have unknown purposes in relation to noninfectious diseases. In this study, the localization patterns of anti-microbial peptides, β defensins (BDs), in the tracheal epithelium of male C3H mice under exposure to toluene were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Mice were exposed one to ten times to toluene for 30 min by nose-only inhalation. Expression of BDs was revealed by immunohistochemistry in serial sections of trachea after the final exposure. Expression of BD-1 was usually observed at almost the same levels in all exposure groups, and expression of BD-2 was observed in the control group; however, the signals for BD-2 decreased gradually with frequency of exposure. In the group exposed ten times, expression of BD-2 decreased to far lower than that of the control group. No expression of BD-3 was detected in any groups. Interestingly, expression of BD-4 increased to the maximum in the group exposed four times and decreased to a level lower than that of the control in the group exposed ten times. The results of the present study indicated that toluene gas might change the expression pattern of BDs in the tracheal epithelial cells. The oscillation of expression of BD-4 was quite characteristic and might contribute to morphological damage in on the epithelial cells.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB3478
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Defensin β3 Antibody

  • Water in Toluene

    Document Type:
    Application
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple
    Product Catalog Name:
    Multiple

  • Progesterone resistance in PCOS endometrium: a microarray analysis in clomiphene citrate-treated and artificial menstrual cycles. 21411543

    Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrinopathy of reproductive-aged women, is characterized by ovulatory dysfunction and hyperandrogenism.The aim was to compare gene expression between endometrial samples of normal fertile controls and women with PCOS.We conducted a case control study at university teaching hospitals.Normal fertile controls and women with PCOS participated in the study.Endometrial samples were obtained from normal fertile controls and from women with PCOS, either induced to ovulate with clomiphene citrate or from a modeled secretory phase using daily administration of progesterone.Total RNA was isolated from samples and processed for array hybridization with Affymetrix HG U133 Plus 2 arrays. Data were analyzed using GeneSpring GX11 and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis. Selected gene expression differences were validated using RT-PCR and/or immunohistochemistry in separately obtained PCOS and normal endometrium.ANOVA analysis revealed 5160 significantly different genes among the three conditions. Of these, 466 were differentially regulated between fertile controls and PCOS. Progesterone-regulated genes, including mitogen-inducible gene 6 (MIG6), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), GRB2-associated binding protein 1 (GAB1), S100P, and claudin-4 were significantly lower in PCOS endometrium; whereas cell proliferation genes, such as Anillin and cyclin B1, were up-regulated.Differences in gene expression provide evidence of progesterone resistance in midsecretory PCOS endometrium, independent of clomiphene citrate and corresponding to the observed phenotypes of hyperplasia, cancer, and poor reproductive outcomes in this group of women.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    04-355

  • Application of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography for monitoring of hippuric and methylhippuric acid in human urine. 8143687

    The factors affecting micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatographic separation of hippuric and o-, m-, p-methylhippuric acid were investigated by changing the species of micelles, and adding urea to the micellar solution. The analysis of hippurates in human urine is demonstrated under optimum conditions using 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) containing 100 mM dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide and 4 M urea at -22 kV applied voltage. This method proved suitable for the screening of hippurates in human urine following occupational exposure to toluene and xylene.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    20-400
    Product Catalog Name:
    Magna GrIP™ Rack (8 well)
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